/*=========================================================================
                                                                                
  Program:   gdcm
  Module:    $RCSfile: gdcmUtil.cxx,v $
  Language:  C++
  Date:      $Date: 2005/01/18 15:46:49 $
  Version:   $Revision: 1.111 $
                                                                                
  Copyright (c) CREATIS (Centre de Recherche et d'Applications en Traitement de
  l'Image). All rights reserved. See Doc/License.txt or
  http://www.creatis.insa-lyon.fr/Public/Gdcm/License.html for details.
                                                                                
     This software is distributed WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even
     the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
     PURPOSE.  See the above copyright notices for more information.
                                                                                
=========================================================================*/

#include "gdcmUtil.h"
#include "gdcmDebug.h"
#include <iostream>

// For GetCurrentDate, GetCurrentTime
#include <time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#include <stdarg.h>  //only included in implementation file
#include <stdio.h>   //only included in implementation file

#if defined(_MSC_VER)
   #include <winsock.h>  // for gethostname & gethostbyname
   #undef GetCurrentTime
#else
#ifndef __BORLANDC__
   #include <unistd.h>  // for gethostname
   #include <netdb.h>   // for gethostbyname
#endif
#endif

// For GetMACAddress
#ifdef _WIN32
   #include <snmp.h>
   #include <conio.h>
#else
   #include <unistd.h>
   #include <stdlib.h>
   #include <string.h>
   #include <sys/types.h>
#endif

#ifdef CMAKE_HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H
   #include <sys/ioctl.h>  // For SIOCGIFCONF on Linux
#endif
#ifdef CMAKE_HAVE_SYS_SOCKET_H
   #include <sys/socket.h>
#endif
#ifdef CMAKE_HAVE_SYS_SOCKIO_H
   #include <sys/sockio.h>  // For SIOCGIFCONF on SunOS
#endif
#ifdef CMAKE_HAVE_NET_IF_H
   #include <net/if.h>
#endif
#ifdef CMAKE_HAVE_NETINET_IN_H
   #include <netinet/in.h>   //For IPPROTO_IP
#endif
#ifdef CMAKE_HAVE_NET_IF_DL_H
   #include <net/if_dl.h>
#endif
#if defined(CMAKE_HAVE_NET_IF_ARP_H) && defined(__sun)
   // This is absolutely necesseray on SunOS
   #include <net/if_arp.h>
#endif

namespace gdcm 
{
/**
 * \brief Provide a better 'c++' approach for sprintf
 * For example c code is:
 * sprintf(trash, "%04x|%04x", group , elem);
 *
 * c++ code is 
 * std::ostringstream buf;
 * buf << std::right << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') << std::hex
 *     << group << "|" << std::right << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0') 
 *     << std::hex <<  elem;
 * buf.str();
 *
 * gdcm style code is
 * Format("%04x|%04x", group , elem);
 */

std::string Util::Format(const char *format, ...)
{
   char buffer[2048];
   va_list args;
   va_start(args, format);
   vsprintf(buffer, format, args);  //might be a security flaw
   va_end(args); // Each invocation of va_start should be matched 
                 // by a corresponding invocation of va_end
                 // args is then 'undefined'
   return buffer;
}


/**
 * \brief Because not available in C++ (?)
 */
void Util::Tokenize (const std::string &str,
                     std::vector<std::string> &tokens,
                     const std::string& delimiters)
{
   std::string::size_type lastPos = str.find_first_not_of(delimiters,0);
   std::string::size_type pos     = str.find_first_of    (delimiters,lastPos);
   while (std::string::npos != pos || std::string::npos != lastPos)
   {
      tokens.push_back(str.substr(lastPos, pos - lastPos));
      lastPos = str.find_first_not_of(delimiters, pos);
      pos     = str.find_first_of    (delimiters, lastPos);
   }
}

/**
 * \brief Because not available in C++ (?)
 *        Counts the number of occurences of a substring within a string
 */
 
int Util::CountSubstring (const std::string &str,
                          const std::string &subStr)
{
   int count = 0;   // counts how many times it appears
   std::string::size_type x = 0;       // The index position in the string

   do
   {
      x = str.find(subStr,x);       // Find the substring
      if (x != std::string::npos)   // If present
      {
         count++;                  // increase the count
         x += subStr.length();     // Skip this word
      }
   }
   while (x != std::string::npos);  // Carry on until not present

   return count;
}

/**
 * \brief  Weed out a string from the non-printable characters (in order
 *         to avoid corrupting the terminal of invocation when printing)
 * @param s string to remove non printable characters from
 */
std::string Util::CreateCleanString(std::string const &s)
{
   std::string str = s;

   for(unsigned int i=0; i<str.size(); i++)
   {
      if(!isprint((unsigned char)str[i]))
      {
         str[i] = '.';
      }
   }

   if(str.size() > 0)
   {
      if(!isprint((unsigned char)s[str.size()-1]))
      {
         if(s[str.size()-1] == 0)
         {
            str[str.size()-1] = ' ';
         }
      }
   }

   return str;
}

/**
 * \brief   Add a SEPARATOR to the end of the name is necessary
 * @param   pathname file/directory name to normalize 
 */
std::string Util::NormalizePath(std::string const &pathname)
{
   const char SEPARATOR_X      = '/';
   const char SEPARATOR_WIN    = '\\';
   const std::string SEPARATOR = "/";
   std::string name = pathname;
   int size = name.size();

   if( name[size-1] != SEPARATOR_X && name[size-1] != SEPARATOR_WIN )
   {
      name += SEPARATOR;
   }
   return name;
}

/**
 * \brief   Get the (directory) path from a full path file name
 * @param   fullName file/directory name to extract Path from
 */
std::string Util::GetPath(std::string const &fullName)
{
   std::string res = fullName;
   int pos1 = res.rfind("/");
   int pos2 = res.rfind("\\");
   if( pos1 > pos2)
   {
      res.resize(pos1);
   }
   else
   {
      res.resize(pos2);
   }

   return res;
}

/**
 * \brief   Get the (last) name of a full path file name
 * @param   fullName file/directory name to extract end name from
 */
std::string Util::GetName(std::string const &fullName)
{   
  std::string filename = fullName;

  std::string::size_type slash_pos = filename.rfind("/");
  std::string::size_type backslash_pos = filename.rfind("\\");
  slash_pos = slash_pos > backslash_pos ? slash_pos : backslash_pos;
  if(slash_pos != std::string::npos)
    {
    return filename.substr(slash_pos + 1);
    }
  else
    {
    return filename;
    }
} 

/**
 * \brief   Get the current date of the system in a dicom string
 */
std::string Util::GetCurrentDate()
{
    char tmp[512];
    time_t tloc;
    time (&tloc);    
    strftime(tmp,512,"%Y%m%d", localtime(&tloc) );
    return tmp;
}

/**
 * \brief   Get the current time of the system in a dicom string
 */
std::string Util::GetCurrentTime()
{
    char tmp[512];
    time_t tloc;
    time (&tloc);
    strftime(tmp,512,"%H%M%S", localtime(&tloc) );
    return tmp;  
}

/**
 * \brief Create a /DICOM/ string:
 * It should a of even length (no odd length ever)
 * It can contain as many (if you are reading this from your
 * editor the following character is is backslash followed by zero
 * that needed to be escaped with an extra backslash for doxygen) \\0
 * as you want.
 */
std::string Util::DicomString(const char *s, size_t l)
{
   std::string r(s, s+l);
   gdcmAssertMacro( !(r.size() % 2) ); // == basically 'l' is even
   return r;
}

/**
 * \brief Create a /DICOM/ string:
 * It should a of even lenght (no odd length ever)
 * It can contain as many (if you are reading this from your
 * editor the following character is is backslash followed by zero
 * that needed to be escaped with an extra backslash for doxygen) \\0
 * as you want.
 * This function is similar to DicomString(const char*), 
 * except it doesn't take a lenght. 
 * It only pad with a null character if length is odd
 */
std::string Util::DicomString(const char *s)
{
   size_t l = strlen(s);
   if( l%2 )
   {
      l++;
   }
   std::string r(s, s+l);
   gdcmAssertMacro( !(r.size() % 2) );
   return r;
}

/**
 * \brief Safely compare two Dicom String:
 *        - Both string should be of even lenght
 *        - We allow padding of even lenght string by either a null 
 *          character of a space
 */
bool Util::DicomStringEqual(const std::string &s1, const char *s2)
{
  // s2 is the string from the DICOM reference: 'MONOCHROME1'
  std::string s1_even = s1; //Never change input parameter
  std::string s2_even = DicomString( s2 );
  if( s1_even[s1_even.size()-1] == ' ')
  {
    s1_even[s1_even.size()-1] = '\0'; //replace space character by null
  }
  return s1_even == s2_even;
}



/**
 * \brief   tells us if the processor we are working with is BigEndian or not
 */
bool Util::IsCurrentProcessorBigEndian()
{
#ifdef GDCM_WORDS_BIGENDIAN
   return true;
#else
   return false;
#endif
}



#ifdef _WIN32
typedef BOOL(WINAPI * pSnmpExtensionInit) (
        IN DWORD dwTimeZeroReference,
        OUT HANDLE * hPollForTrapEvent,
        OUT AsnObjectIdentifier * supportedView);

typedef BOOL(WINAPI * pSnmpExtensionTrap) (
        OUT AsnObjectIdentifier * enterprise,
        OUT AsnInteger * genericTrap,
        OUT AsnInteger * specificTrap,
        OUT AsnTimeticks * timeStamp,
        OUT RFC1157VarBindList * variableBindings);

typedef BOOL(WINAPI * pSnmpExtensionQuery) (
        IN BYTE requestType,
        IN OUT RFC1157VarBindList * variableBindings,
        OUT AsnInteger * errorStatus,
        OUT AsnInteger * errorIndex);

typedef BOOL(WINAPI * pSnmpExtensionInitEx) (
        OUT AsnObjectIdentifier * supportedView);
#endif //_WIN32


int GetMacAddrSys ( unsigned char *addr )
{
#ifdef _WIN32
   WSADATA WinsockData;
   if (WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 0), &WinsockData) != 0) 
   {
      std::cerr << "This program requires Winsock 2.x!" << std::endl;
      return -1;
   }

   HANDLE PollForTrapEvent;
   AsnObjectIdentifier SupportedView;
   UINT OID_ifEntryType[] = { 1, 3, 6, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3 };
   UINT OID_ifEntryNum[] = { 1, 3, 6, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1 };
   UINT OID_ipMACEntAddr[] = { 1, 3, 6, 1, 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 6 };
   AsnObjectIdentifier MIB_ifMACEntAddr = {
       sizeof(OID_ipMACEntAddr) / sizeof(UINT), OID_ipMACEntAddr };
   AsnObjectIdentifier MIB_ifEntryType = {
       sizeof(OID_ifEntryType) / sizeof(UINT), OID_ifEntryType };
   AsnObjectIdentifier MIB_ifEntryNum = {
       sizeof(OID_ifEntryNum) / sizeof(UINT), OID_ifEntryNum };
   RFC1157VarBindList varBindList;
   RFC1157VarBind varBind[2];
   AsnInteger errorStatus;
   AsnInteger errorIndex;
   AsnObjectIdentifier MIB_NULL = { 0, 0 };
   int ret;
   int dtmp;
   int i = 0, j = 0;
   BOOL found = FALSE;

   // Load the SNMP dll and get the addresses of the functions necessary
   HINSTANCE m_hInst = LoadLibrary("inetmib1.dll");
   if (m_hInst < (HINSTANCE) HINSTANCE_ERROR)
   {
      m_hInst = NULL;
      return -1;
   }
   pSnmpExtensionInit m_Init =
       (pSnmpExtensionInit) GetProcAddress(m_hInst, "SnmpExtensionInit");
   pSnmpExtensionInitEx m_InitEx =
       (pSnmpExtensionInitEx) GetProcAddress(m_hInst, "SnmpExtensionInitEx");
   pSnmpExtensionQuery m_Query =
       (pSnmpExtensionQuery) GetProcAddress(m_hInst, "SnmpExtensionQuery");
   pSnmpExtensionTrap m_Trap =
       (pSnmpExtensionTrap) GetProcAddress(m_hInst, "SnmpExtensionTrap");
   m_Init(GetTickCount(), &PollForTrapEvent, &SupportedView);

   /* Initialize the variable list to be retrieved by m_Query */
   varBindList.list = varBind;
   varBind[0].name = MIB_NULL;
   varBind[1].name = MIB_NULL;

   // Copy in the OID to find the number of entries in the
   // Inteface table
   varBindList.len = 1;        // Only retrieving one item
   SNMP_oidcpy(&varBind[0].name, &MIB_ifEntryNum);
   ret = m_Query(ASN_RFC1157_GETNEXTREQUEST, &varBindList, &errorStatus,
                 &errorIndex);
//   printf("# of adapters in this system : %i\n",
//          varBind[0].value.asnValue.number);
   varBindList.len = 2;

   // Copy in the OID of ifType, the type of interface
   SNMP_oidcpy(&varBind[0].name, &MIB_ifEntryType);

   // Copy in the OID of ifPhysAddress, the address
   SNMP_oidcpy(&varBind[1].name, &MIB_ifMACEntAddr);

   do
   {
      // Submit the query.  Responses will be loaded into varBindList.
      // We can expect this call to succeed a # of times corresponding
      // to the # of adapters reported to be in the system
      ret = m_Query(ASN_RFC1157_GETNEXTREQUEST, &varBindList, &errorStatus,
                    &errorIndex); 
      if (!ret)
      {
         ret = 1;
      }
      else
      {
         // Confirm that the proper type has been returned
         ret = SNMP_oidncmp(&varBind[0].name, &MIB_ifEntryType,
                            MIB_ifEntryType.idLength);
      }
      if (!ret)
      {
         j++;
         dtmp = varBind[0].value.asnValue.number;
         std::cerr << "Interface #" << j << " type : " << dtmp << std::endl;

         // Type 6 describes ethernet interfaces
         if (dtmp == 6)
         {
            // Confirm that we have an address here
            ret = SNMP_oidncmp(&varBind[1].name, &MIB_ifMACEntAddr,
                               MIB_ifMACEntAddr.idLength);
            if ( !ret && varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream != NULL )
            {
               if ( (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[0] == 0x44)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[1] == 0x45)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[2] == 0x53)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[3] == 0x54)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[4] == 0x00) )
               {
                   // Ignore all dial-up networking adapters
                   std::cerr << "Interface #" << j << " is a DUN adapter\n";
                   continue;
               }
               if ( (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[0] == 0x00)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[1] == 0x00)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[2] == 0x00)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[3] == 0x00)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[4] == 0x00)
                 && (varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream[5] == 0x00) )
               {
                  // Ignore NULL addresses returned by other network
                  // interfaces
                  std::cerr << "Interface #" << j << " is a NULL address\n";
                  continue;
               }
               memcpy( addr, varBind[1].value.asnValue.address.stream, 6);
            }
         }
      }
   } while (!ret);

   // Free the bindings
   SNMP_FreeVarBind(&varBind[0]);
   SNMP_FreeVarBind(&varBind[1]);
   return 0;
#endif //Win32 version


// implementation for POSIX system
#ifdef __sun
   //The POSIX version is broken anyway on Solaris, plus would require full
   //root power
   struct  arpreq          parpreq;
   struct  sockaddr_in     *psa;
   struct  hostent         *phost;
   char                    hostname[MAXHOSTNAMELEN];
   char                    **paddrs;
   int                     sock, status=0;

   if(gethostname(hostname,  MAXHOSTNAMELEN) != 0)
   {
      perror("gethostname");
      return -1;
   }
   phost = gethostbyname(hostname);
   paddrs = phost->h_addr_list;

   sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
   if(sock == -1)
   {
      perror("sock");
      return -1;
   }
   memset(&parpreq, 0, sizeof(struct arpreq));
   psa = (struct sockaddr_in *) &parpreq.arp_pa;

   memset(psa, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
   psa->sin_family = AF_INET;
   memcpy(&psa->sin_addr, *paddrs, sizeof(struct in_addr));

   status = ioctl(sock, SIOCGARP, &parpreq);
   if(status == -1)
   {
      perror("SIOCGARP");
      return -1;
   }
   memcpy(addr, parpreq.arp_ha.sa_data, 6);

   return 0;
#else
#ifdef CMAKE_HAVE_NET_IF_H
   int       sd;
   struct ifreq    ifr, *ifrp;
   struct ifconf    ifc;
   char buf[1024];
   int      n, i;
   unsigned char    *a;
#if defined(AF_LINK) && (!defined(SIOCGIFHWADDR) && !defined(SIOCGENADDR))
   struct sockaddr_dl *sdlp;
#endif

//
// BSD 4.4 defines the size of an ifreq to be
// max(sizeof(ifreq), sizeof(ifreq.ifr_name)+ifreq.ifr_addr.sa_len
// However, under earlier systems, sa_len isn't present, so the size is 
// just sizeof(struct ifreq)
// We should investiage the use of SIZEOF_ADDR_IFREQ
//
#ifdef HAVE_SA_LEN
#ifndef max
#define max(a,b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))
#endif
#define ifreq_size(i) max(sizeof(struct ifreq),\
     sizeof((i).ifr_name)+(i).ifr_addr.sa_len)
#else
#define ifreq_size(i) sizeof(struct ifreq)
#endif // HAVE_SA_LEN

   if( (sd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_IP)) < 0 )
   {
      return -1;
   }
   memset(buf, 0, sizeof(buf));
   ifc.ifc_len = sizeof(buf);
   ifc.ifc_buf = buf;
   if (ioctl (sd, SIOCGIFCONF, (char *)&ifc) < 0)
   {
      close(sd);
      return -1;
   }
   n = ifc.ifc_len;
   for (i = 0; i < n; i+= ifreq_size(*ifrp) )
   {
      ifrp = (struct ifreq *)((char *) ifc.ifc_buf+i);
      strncpy(ifr.ifr_name, ifrp->ifr_name, IFNAMSIZ);
#ifdef SIOCGIFHWADDR
      if (ioctl(sd, SIOCGIFHWADDR, &ifr) < 0)
         continue;
      a = (unsigned char *) &ifr.ifr_hwaddr.sa_data;
#else
#ifdef SIOCGENADDR
      // In theory this call should also work on Sun Solaris, but apparently
      // SIOCGENADDR is not implemented properly thus the call 
      // ioctl(sd, SIOCGENADDR, &ifr) always returns errno=2 
      // (No such file or directory)
      // Furthermore the DLAPI seems to require full root access
      if (ioctl(sd, SIOCGENADDR, &ifr) < 0)
         continue;
      a = (unsigned char *) ifr.ifr_enaddr;
#else
#ifdef AF_LINK
      sdlp = (struct sockaddr_dl *) &ifrp->ifr_addr;
      if ((sdlp->sdl_family != AF_LINK) || (sdlp->sdl_alen != 6))
         continue;
      a = (unsigned char *) &sdlp->sdl_data[sdlp->sdl_nlen];
#else
      perror("No way to access hardware");
      close(sd);
      return -1;
#endif // AF_LINK
#endif // SIOCGENADDR
#endif // SIOCGIFHWADDR
      if (!a[0] && !a[1] && !a[2] && !a[3] && !a[4] && !a[5]) continue;

      if (addr) 
      {
         memcpy(addr, a, 6);
         close(sd);
         return 0;
      }
   }
   close(sd);
#endif
   /* Not implemented platforms */
   perror("There was a configuration problem on your plateform");
   memset(addr,0,6);
   return -1;
#endif //__sun
}

/**
 * \brief Gets the M.A.C. adress of the machine writting the DICOM image
 */
std::string Util::GetMACAddress()
{
   // This code is the result of a long internet search to find something
   // as compact as possible (not OS independant). We only have to separate
   // 3 OS: Win32, SunOS and 'real' POSIX
   // http://groups-beta.google.com/group/comp.unix.solaris/msg/ad36929d783d63be
   // http://bdn.borland.com/article/0,1410,26040,00.html
   unsigned char addr[6];
   std::string macaddr;
 
   int stat = GetMacAddrSys(addr);
   if (0 == stat)
   {
      for (int i=0; i<6; ++i) 
      {
         macaddr += Format("%2.2x", addr[i]);
         //if(i) macaddr += ".";
         //macaddr += Format("%i", (int)addr[i]);
      }
      return macaddr;
   }
   else
   {
      gdcmVerboseMacro("Problem in finding the MAC Address");
      return "";
   }
}

/**
 * \brief   Return the IP adress of the machine writting the DICOM image
 */
std::string Util::GetIPAddress()
{
   // This is a rip from 
   // http://www.codeguru.com/Cpp/I-N/internet/network/article.php/c3445/
#ifndef HOST_NAME_MAX
   // SUSv2 guarantees that `Host names are limited to 255 bytes'.
   // POSIX 1003.1-2001 guarantees that `Host names (not including the
   // terminating NUL) are limited to HOST_NAME_MAX bytes'.
#  define HOST_NAME_MAX 255
   // In this case we should maybe check the string was not truncated.
   // But I don't known how to check that...
#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
   // with WinSock DLL we need to initialise the WinSock before using gethostname
   WORD wVersionRequested = MAKEWORD(1,0);
   WSADATA WSAData;
   int err = WSAStartup(wVersionRequested,&WSAData);
   if (err != 0)
   {
      // Tell the user that we could not find a usable
      // WinSock DLL.
      WSACleanup();
      return "127.0.0.1";
   }
#endif
  
#endif //HOST_NAME_MAX

   std::string str;
   char szHostName[HOST_NAME_MAX+1];
   int r = gethostname(szHostName, HOST_NAME_MAX);
 
   if( r == 0 )
   {
      // Get host adresses
      struct hostent *pHost = gethostbyname(szHostName);
 
      for( int i = 0; pHost!= NULL && pHost->h_addr_list[i]!= NULL; i++ )
      {
         for( int j = 0; j<pHost->h_length; j++ )
         {
            if( j > 0 ) str += ".";
 
            str += Util::Format("%u", 
                (unsigned int)((unsigned char*)pHost->h_addr_list[i])[j]);
         }
         // str now contains one local IP address 
 
#if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
   WSACleanup();
#endif

      }
   }
   // If an error occur r == -1
   // Most of the time it will return 127.0.0.1...
   return str;
}

/**
 * \brief Creates a new UID. As stipulate in the DICOM ref
 *        each time a DICOM image is create it should have 
 *        a unique identifier (URI)
 */
std::string Util::CreateUniqueUID(const std::string &root)
{
   std::string radical = root;
   if( !root.size() )
   {
      // No root was specified use "GDCM" then
      // echo "gdcm" | od -b
      // 0000000 147 144 143 155 012
      radical = "147.144.143.155"; // special easter egg 
   }
   // else
   // A root was specified use it to forge our new UID:
   radical += Util::GetMACAddress();
   radical += ".";
   radical += Util::GetCurrentDate();
   radical += ".";
   radical += Util::GetCurrentTime();

   return radical;
}

/**
 * \brief
 * @param os ostream to write to
 * @param val val
 */ 
template <class T>
std::ostream &binary_write(std::ostream &os, const T &val)
{
   return os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&val), sizeof val);
}

/**
 * \brief binary_write binary_write
 * @param os ostream to write to 
 * @param val val
 */ 
std::ostream &binary_write(std::ostream &os, const uint16_t &val)
{
#ifdef GDCM_WORDS_BIGENDIAN
   uint16_t swap;
   swap = ((( val << 8 ) & 0x0ff00 ) | (( val >> 8 ) & 0x00ff ) );
   return os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&swap), 2);
#else
   return os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&val), 2);
#endif //GDCM_WORDS_BIGENDIAN
}

/**
 * \brief binary_write binary_write
 * @param os ostream to write to
 * @param val val
 */ 
std::ostream &binary_write(std::ostream &os, const uint32_t &val)
{
#ifdef GDCM_WORDS_BIGENDIAN
   uint32_t swap;
   swap = ( ((val<<24) & 0xff000000) | ((val<<8)  & 0x00ff0000) | 
            ((val>>8)  & 0x0000ff00) | ((val>>24) & 0x000000ff) );
   return os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&swap), 4);
#else
   return os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&val), 4);
#endif //GDCM_WORDS_BIGENDIAN
}

/**
 * \brief  binary_write binary_write
 * @param os ostream to write to
 * @param val val
 */ 
std::ostream &binary_write(std::ostream &os, const char *val)
{
   return os.write(val, strlen(val));
}

/**
 * \brief
 * @param os ostream to write to
 * @param val val
 */ 
std::ostream &binary_write(std::ostream &os, std::string const &val)
{
   return os.write(val.c_str(), val.size());
}

} // end namespace gdcm